This analysis is based on international trade data sourced from the UN Comtrade database, using HS Code = TOTAL. To structure the dataset meaningfully, a comprehensive country list was developed following UNCTAD’s classification system. Countries are categorized into developed and developing economies, with the latter further disaggregated into Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs), and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). To broaden the analytical scope, additional groupings were included, such as members of the G20, the G77 (plus China), and BRICS (including Indonesia)

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